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Moon, Brad R. (2001). "Muscle Physiology and the Evolution of the Rattling System in Rattlesnakes". Journal of Herpetology. 35 (3): 497–500. doi: 10.2307/1565969. ISSN 0022-1511. JSTOR 1565969. An estimated 7,000 to 8,000 people are bitten by venomous snakes in the United States each year, with about five deaths. [88] The most important factor in survival following a severe envenomation is the time elapsed between the bite and treatment. Most deaths occur between 6 and 48 hours after the bite. If antivenom treatment is given within two hours of the bite, the probability of recovery is greater than 99%. [89]

Cornett, James W. (1998). Rattlesnakes: Answers to Frequent Questions. Palm Springs, California: Nature Trails Press. ISBN 0-937794-23-6. Like most other snakes, rattlesnakes aestivate during very hot or dry periods, which is why they are rarely seen during the hottest and driest months of summer. [78] Conservation status [ edit ]Rattlesnakes tend to avoid wide-open spaces where they cannot hide from predators, and generally avoid humans if they are aware of their approach. [82] Rattlesnakes rarely bite unless they feel threatened or provoked. A majority of victims (about 72% [83]) are males. Around half of bites occur in cases where the victim saw the snake, yet made no effort to move away. [36] Creases in the epidermal tissue connect the scales of rattlesnakes. When ingesting large prey, these creases can unfold, allowing the skin to expand to envelop a much greater volume. The skin appears to tightly stretch to accommodate the meal, but in reality, the skin is simply smoothing out from its creased state and is not under very high tension. [65] Reproduction [ edit ] Two male northern Pacific rattlesnakes ( C. oreganus oreganus) engage in a "combat dance" Everted hemipenis of a male C. adamanteus The most probable ancestral area of rattlesnakes is the Sierra Madre Occidental region in Mexico. The most probable vegetation or habitat of the ancestral area appears to be pine-oak forests. [11] Prey [ edit ] Foster, Lynn V.; Mathews, Peter, eds. (2005). "Maya Geography and Mythology". Handbook to life in the ancient Maya world. Oxford University Press. p.91. ISBN 978-0-19-518363-4. Newton, Maud (2011). "How Does Rattlesnake Taste?". The New York Times . Retrieved November 21, 2014.

Rattlesnakes generally take several years to mature, and females usually reproduce only once every three years. [73] Brumation [ edit ] Newborn rattlesnakes are heavily preyed upon by a variety of species, including cats, [22] ravens, crows, roadrunners, raccoons, opossums, skunks, coyotes, weasels, whipsnakes, kingsnakes, and racers. Young of the smaller crotaline species are frequently killed and eaten by small predatory birds, such as jays, kingfishers, and shrikes. Some species of ants in the genus Formica are known to prey upon neonates, and Solenopsis invicta (fire ants) likely do, as well. On occasion, hungry adult rattlesnakes cannibalize neonates. The small proportion (often as few as 20%) of rattlesnakes that make it to their second year are heavily preyed upon by a variety of larger predators, including coyotes, eagles, hawks, owls, falcons, feral pigs, badgers, indigo snakes, and kingsnakes. [23] Lessenger, James E., ed. (2006). Agricultural medicine: a practical guide. Birkhäuser. p.447. ISBN 978-0-387-25425-8. Whitford, Malachi (2020). "The effects of temperature on the defensive strikes of rattlesnakes" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 223 (Pt 14). doi: 10.1242/jeb.223859. PMID 32561628. S2CID 219951376. Rattlesnakes are venomous snakes that form the genera Crotalus and Sistrurus [1] of the subfamily Crotalinae (the pit vipers). All rattlesnakes are vipers. Rattlesnakes are predators that live in a wide array of habitats, hunting small animals such as birds and rodents.

Read, Kay A.; González, Jason J., eds. (2002). "Feathered Serpents". Mesoamerican Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs of Mexico and Central America. Oxford University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-19-514909-8.